A cancer biomarker is a substance or process in the body that indicates the presence of cancer. A biomarker is a molecule secreted by a tumour or a specific body response to the presence of cancer. Cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and epidemiology can all benefit from genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, glycomic, and imaging biomarkers. Such biomarkers should ideally be tested in non-invasively collected bio fluids such as blood or serum. While there are numerous challenges in translating biomarker research into clinical practise, a number of gene and protein-based biomarkers, such as AFP (liver cancer) and BCR-ABL, have already been used in patient care (chronic myeloid leukemia), BRCA1/BRCA2 (breast/ovarian cancer), BRAF V600E (melanoma/colorectal cancer), CA-125 (ovarian cancer), CA19.9 (pancreatic cancer), CEA (colorectal cancer), EGFR (Non-small-cell lung carcinoma), HER-2 (Breast Cancer), KIT (gastrointestinal stromal tumour), PSA (prostate specific antigen) (prostate cancer), S100 (melanoma), and many others. Because they can only come from an existing tumour, mutant proteins detected by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) have been reported to be the most specific biomarkers for cancers. Approximately 40% of cancers are curable if detected early through examinations. Currently, lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all cancer deaths reported globally. Despite advancements in diagnostic techniques such as X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, biopsy, and so on, dealing with lung cancer mortality and morbidity remains a significant challenge. As a result, early diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer are critical and play a significant role in lung cancer research. Biomarkers, or indicators, are found in body fluids and are overexpressed in malignant tissues. Beyond the cut-off level, the presence of these biomolecules can be used as an indicator for sensing tumour markers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management of lung cancer. As a result, rapid and precise detection of biomarkers aids in the early detection of cancer. Furthermore, the redox materials used for biomarker sensing play an important role in the sensitivity of electro analytical devices. As a result, we critically examine the use of an electrochemical biosensor in the early detection of lung cancer. First, consider the significance of biomarkers and their use in determining various stages are debated. Recent electrochemical electrode materials, such as graphene (Gr), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and metal-based nanomaterials, are covered in detail. Finally, the limitations and potential future applications of electrochemical sensors are discussed. According to GLOBOCAN statistics 2020, cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide among all reported human deaths, accounting for approximately 10 million deaths globally in the year 2020. Cancer mortality and incidence rates differ depending on the type of cancer. Breast, lung, colon, skin, and stomach carcinomas are currently the most common types of cancer in terms of incidence rates. When compared to colon and breast cancers, the mortality rate for lung cancer is the highest, with approximately 1.80 million deaths worldwide in 2020. People who smoke and consume tobacco on a regular basis are at the greatest risk of developing lung cancer, though it can occur in people who have never smoked. To some extent, cancer can be prevented by avoiding risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and various pollutants. Furthermore, the most important measure that can be implemented to reduce or prevent the risk of cancer is early diagnosis and proper patient treatment.

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